Journal: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Article Title: Effects of high-definition tDCS targeting individual motor hotspot with EMG-driven robotic hand training on upper extremity motor function: a pilot randomized controlled trial

doi: 10.1186/s12984-024-01468-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Optimization procedures and training protocol. ( a ) Generation of individualized finite element model. Segmentation of tissues was obtained from high-resolution structural T1 and T2 images and converted into volume conductor models consisting of six compartments. Simulation of the electric field was performed by solving the Laplace Equation using FEM solver after placing modeled electrodes at the desired locations. ( b ) Generation of leadfield matrix. Leadfield was generated by performing simulations with bipolar configurations, with anodes (red) placed at a defined set of locations (39 in total) and Cz (blue) as the cathode. The figure showed seven channels for illustration purposes. The column of the matrix represents the electric field in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:\overrightarrow{{e}_{x}},\:\overrightarrow{{e}_{y}},\overrightarrow{{e}_{z}}$$\end{document} direction over the volume conductor models. ( c ) Optimization of HD-tDCS montages. Stimulation targets were defined using individual fMRI activations during paretic motor tasks. Optimization was based on a distributed constrained maximum intensity method, which minimizes the Error Relative to No Intervention (ERNI). A value of higher -ERNI (red) indicates a smaller difference between the simulated and desired target electric field. ( d ) The stimulation montage of one subject was generated with the amplitude and location of each electrode. After 20 s of active/sham stimulation, the subject accepted robotic hand training. The active-assisted opening and grasping hand movements were cued by the instructions on the screen in front of the subject and triggered by the muscle contraction of the Extensor digitorum (ED) and Flexor digitorum (FD) respectively

Article Snippet: The sequences for task-based fMRI (tb-fMRI) were displayed using EPrime 3.0 (Psychology Software Tools, PA USA).

Techniques: Generated

Journal: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Article Title: Effects of high-definition tDCS targeting individual motor hotspot with EMG-driven robotic hand training on upper extremity motor function: a pilot randomized controlled trial

doi: 10.1186/s12984-024-01468-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Optimization results of personalized high-definition-tDCS montages. Electric field simulation results using the optimized montages of eight chronic stroke subjects from the HDtDCS-group. ( a ) Individual target map from task-based fMRI. The map was generated from the grasping hand task-fMRI activation map. Individual hotspot locations can be found in Table . ( b ) Stimulated electric field. Normal EF component for optimized stimulation montages. Electrodes in red and blue represent the anode and cathode respectively, details of the individual montage information can be found in Supplementary Table . ( c ) Match results between target map and electric field. The optimization performance for each subject was quantified by Error Relative To No Intervention (ERNI). Positive values (red) indicate a better fit than no intervention, and negative values (blue) mean a worse fit than no intervention

Article Snippet: The sequences for task-based fMRI (tb-fMRI) were displayed using EPrime 3.0 (Psychology Software Tools, PA USA).

Techniques: Generated, Activation Assay

Journal: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Article Title: Effects of high-definition tDCS targeting individual motor hotspot with EMG-driven robotic hand training on upper extremity motor function: a pilot randomized controlled trial

doi: 10.1186/s12984-024-01468-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: FMRI results. ( a ) Group level of the overlapped stimulated area of subjects from the HD-tDCS group, regions in red represent the area that all the subjects from the HDtDCS-group were stimulated. ( b ) Group level motor activation at Pre , Post , and 6-month Follow-up sessions. The activation maps were generated from the HDtDCS-group and Sham-group during grasping the paretic hand. ( c ) Violin plots with mean and standard deviation showing the comparison of laterality index for the HDtDCS-group and Sham-group at Pre , Post , and 6-month Follow-up . ( d ) The demonstration of the overlaps between activated and stimulated regions (red), and the activated regions that were not stimulated (green) at Pre , Post , and 6-month Follow-up sessions. Activations were focused on the stimulated regions and reduced in the non-stimulated regions after intervention , and continuously at 6-month follow-up for HDtDCS-group, indicating an enhanced Specificity of stimulation. ( e ) The violin plots with mean and standard deviation show the comparison of specificity in both groups at Pre , Post , and 6-month Follow-up . Abbreviation HDtDCS-group High-definition transcranial direct stimulation with EMG-driven robotic hand group; Sham-group sham stimulation with EMG-driven robotic hand group; contra contralesional hemisphere; ipsi ipsilesional hemisphere; Pre before training; Post immediately after the training; 6 m Follow-up six-month follow-up. *: P < 0.05. The yellow dot and black bars represent the mean and standard deviation of the corresponding group

Article Snippet: The sequences for task-based fMRI (tb-fMRI) were displayed using EPrime 3.0 (Psychology Software Tools, PA USA).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Generated, Standard Deviation, Comparison